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December 2011
miscelaneous topics :
exercises
A. Verb tenses – Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form
Julia and Kevin are old friends. They meet by chance at a station:
J: Hello, Kevin. I ____________________ (not/ SEE) you for ages. How are you?
K: I’m fine. How about you? You __________________ (LOOK) well.
J: Yes, I’m very well, thanks. So, _______________________ (you/ GO) somewhere or ______________________ (you/ MEET) somebody off a train?
K: I ________________ (GO) to London for a business meeting.
J: Oh, ____________________________ (you / often / GO) away on business?
K: Quite often, yes. And you? Where __________________________ (you/ GO) ?
J: Nowhere. I ____________________ (MEET) a friend. Unfortunately, her train __________ (BE) delayed. I _________________ (BE) here for nearly an hour.
K: How __________ (BE) your children?
J: They’re all fine, thanks. My youngest _________________________ (just/ START) school.
K: How _________________________ (she/ GET) on? ______________________ (she/ LIKE) it?
J: Yes, she ________________ (THINK) it’s great.
K: Where ____________________________ (you/ WORK) at the moment? When I last _______________ (SPEAK) to you, you _______________________ (WORK) in a travel agency.
J: No, I ________________________ (WORK) in a travel agency before _____________ (MOVE) to a modelling agency. That’s when we last ____________ (SPEAK)!
B. If-clauses . Rewrite the sentences:
1. Liz is tired all the time. She shouldn’t go to bed so late.
1. If Liz _____________________________________________________________________
2. The dog attacked you because you provoked it.
2. The dog __________________________________________ if _______________________
3. I don’t want them to be upset, so I’ve decided not to tell them what has happened.
3. If _________________________________________________________________________
4. Martin has failed his driving test. He made lots of silly mistakes.
4. Martin ________________________________________ if ___________________________
C. Passive voice. Rewrite the sentences:
1. The Department of Education is going to make an important financial contribution to the project
1. An important contribution to the project ____________________________________________
2. They will deliver the first prototype in 2003.
2. The first prototype ___________________________________________________
3. Computer games may cause a lot of harm to children.
3. Children ___________________________________________________________
4. The new Prime Minister has imposed a drastic economic plan.
4. A drastic economic plan _____________________________________________________
D. Linking words (= connectors) – Join the sentences with the conjunctions in brackets:
1. The two captains decided that the pitch was playable. It had rained a lot.
[although] : ________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. The speaker managed to finish his speech. He was constantly interrupted.
[in spite of] : _________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. They will increase their output of agricultural products. They want to compensate the shortage in global supply.
[in order to] : _________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
E. Reported speech. Rewrite the sentences
1. “ The peasants didn’t raise animals in a scientific way and so there will be a high death rate”
He said that ___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
2. “Go back to your seat and don’t stand up until you’re called!”
I told him ____________________________________________________________________
November 2011
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Alternative types of expressing conditions:click to enlarge:
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| 1 |
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| practice |
NO PAIN, NO GAIN ? - Solutions
1. hadn’t eaten ; 2. stand ; 3. won’t function / may not function ; 4. wouldn’t have ; 5. walked ; 6. want ; 7. is ; 8. would /might experience ; 9. must stop ; 10. wouldn’t/couldn’t have happened ; 11. don’t want ; 12. stay
*
IF-clauses = Conditional clauses (orações condicionais) [ if = se…]
conditions referring to the present - future implications | conditions referring to the past | |
type I PROBABLE condition | type II IMPROBABLE condition | type III (*) IMPOSSIBLE condition |
If it doesn't rain, I will go to the beach condição Ò Se não chover ; se a condição se cumprir Òresultado Ò vou / irei à praia | If I had money, I would travel a lot. oração condicionalÒ Se tivesse dinheiro oração principal (main clause)Ò viajava (viajaria) muito | If she had studied harder, she would have passed her exams Se ela tivesse estudado mais (depreende-se que não estudou) teria passado … |
if-clause:present simple main clause : future simple | if-clause : past simple main clause : conditional simple | if-clause: past perfect main clause: conditional perfect |
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verb tenses
Present simple Future simple | Past simple Conditional simple | Past perfect (aux. have) Conditional perfect (aux. have) |
= inf. /+s; // do /does + infinitivo will / won't (will not) + infinitivo | inf.+ ed / 2.ª forma // did + inf. would / wouldn't + infinitivo | had / hadn't + past participle would have + past participle |
- a probabilidade, improbabilidade ou impossibilidade "vê-se" na CONDIÇÃO, não no seu resultado |
(*)impossible conditions are impossible, because you can't change the past
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- examples: situation: conversation between two friends (A and B) at a football stadium
before the match | after the match | |
A: "I'm feeling quite optimistic ... If we win today, we' ll get to the top of the league." | B: "You know John is injured ... If he were in the team today, I'd feel much more confident." | A: "I can't believe we've lost! B: "I had told you... if John had played, we would have won. |
Nota: As frases sublinhadas são as que nos dão ideia sobre qual o tipo de condição
notas:
- after WILL or WOULD, we use the plain infinitive [without 'to'] - will = 'll (I’ll) ; will not = won't ; would = 'd (I’d) - were is normally used in conditional clauses instead of was - you can use ' could ' and ' might ' instead of ' would ' |
Nota: a ordem das orações é arbitrária (em todos os exercícios).
No entanto, há que estabelecer uma relação lógica de “causa e efeito”
– exercises (in: English Grammar in Use – Cambridge University Press)
A. Type I : probable conditions
Complete with the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
1. It’s raining. We ________________ (get) wet if we ________________ (go) out.´
2. Hurry up! If we _______________________ (hurry, neg) , we ________________ (be) late.
3. A: “I think I’ve left my lighter in the house. Have you seen it?” – B: “No, but I’ll have a look. If I
__________________ (find) it, I ___________________ (give) it to you.
4. There _________________ (be, neg) any planet left if we _________________ (go) on treating it this badly.
B. Type II : improbable conditions
Answer the questions in the way shown in the example:
Example:
Are you going to catch the 10.30 train? (we / arrive / too early)
No. If we caught the 10.30 train, we would arrive too early.
1. Is he going to take the examination? (he / fail / it)
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Are you going to invite Bill to the party? (I / have to invite Linda too)
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Is she going to apply for the job? (she / not get / it)
___________________________________________________________________________
C. Type III : impossible conditions
Now you have to read a situation and write a sentence with if:
1. She wasn’t injured in the crash because she was wearing a seat belt.
If she hadn’t been wearing a seat belt, ___________________________________________
2. I didn’t wake George because I didn’t know he wanted to get up early.
______________________________________________________________________
3. We didn’t win because we didn’t play well.
____________________________________________________________________________
Solutions: Type I | Solutions: Type II | Solutions: Type III |
1. will (= ‘ll) get …….. go 2. don’t hurry …… will be 3. find ……… …..will give 4. won’t be .….. ….. go | 1. No. If he took it (= the exam), he would (= ’d) fail it. 2. No. If I invited Bill, I would have to invite Linda too. 3. No. If she did ( = if she applied for the job / for it) she wouldn’t get it. | 1. If she hadn’t been wearing (=hadn’t worn) a seat belt, she would have been injured in the crash 2. or : She would have been injured in the crash if she hadn’t been wearing a seat belt. 3. If I had known George wanted to get up early, I would have woken him. or : I would have woken George if I knew he wanted to get up early. 4. If we had played well / better , we would have won. or : We would have won if we had played better. |
